Thursday, June 23, 2011

Dalil Kewajipan Berjemaah

Jamaah Islam adalah untuk merealisasikan segala tuntutan Islam yang diwajibkan. Tujuannya adalah untuk menegakkan daulah Islamiyyah. Adalahmustahil untuk laksanakan hasrat itu dengan hanya usaha perseorangan tanpa usaha jamaie yang tersusun rapi.

Oleh kerana merealisasikan tujuan yang besar ini merupakan satu kewajipan yang diwajibkan oleh Islam ke atas umat Islam dan tujuan ini hanya dapat dilaksanakan dengan adanya jamaah dan amal jamaie. Keperluan kepada sebuah jamaah Islamiyyah dan amal jamaie adalah berdasarkan kepada hujah-hujah berikut:

a) Dalil daripada al-Qur’an

Firman Allah swt:


وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ
“Dan hendaklah ada dikalangan kamu segolongan umat yang menyeru kepada kebaikan dan menyuruh kepada yang ma’ruf, mencegah yang mungkar, dan merekalah orang yang berjaya” 
(Ali Imran : 104)

Perkataan ummah di dalam ayat tersebut adalah bermaksud ‘toifah atau jamaah’. Jelas bahawa ianya bukan beerti individu-individu yang terpancar-pancar atau sekadar sekelompok manusia. Ummah disini bermaksud satu jemaah yang terdiri daripada individu yang bersatu dalam satu ikatan ukhwah atau wahdah yang padat, laksana organ-organ yang ada pada diri seseorang.

Firman Allah swt;

كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللّهِ 
“Kamu adalah ummat yang terbaik yang dilahirkan untuk umat manusia, kamu menyuruh orang berbuat baik dan melarang orang berbuat mungkar dan kamu beriman kepada Allah”
(Ali Imran ayat 110)


إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَ فِي سَبِيلِهِ صَفّاً كَأَنَّهُم بُنيَانٌ مَّرْصُوصٌ
“Sesungguhnya Allah suka kepada orang-orang yang berjihad dijalannya dalam barisan seolah-olah satu binaan yang tersusun kukuh” 
(As Saff ayat 4)

‘Satu binaan yang tersusun kukuh’ bermaksud satu organisasi yang luas diikat dengan kesatuan dan kekuatan, sebahagian memperteguhkan sebahagian yang lain dengan caranya yang tersendiri, dan seluruh organisasi itu umpama satu organ yang hidup dan lengkap.

http://ar_rumaisa.blog.friendster.com/files/450islam05_pray2.jpg

b) Dalil daripada hadis Rasulullah saw:

“Hendaklah kamu berada dalam jamaah kerana sesungguhnya berjemaah itu rahmat sedang perpecahan itu adalah azab”

“Barangsiapa yang memecahbelahkan, maka ia bukan daripada kalangan kami. Rahmat Allah berada bersama-sama dengan jamaah, dan sesungguhnya serigala hanya memakan kambing yang menyendiri”

“Barangsiapa yang mati dalam keadaan memisahkan diri daripada jamaah kaum muslimin, maka beerti ia mati sebagai mati jahiliyyah”

Hujah berikutnya yang menekankan kepentingan amal jamaie’ adalah waqi’ atau realiti yang kita hadapi sekarang. Realiti memberikan pengajaran bahawa usaha berseorangan walaupun ikhlas sekalipun tidak dapat meninggalkan kesan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan yang dimaksudkan. Allah menjadikan dunia ini berjalan diatas hukum sebab dan akibat. Dimana kelalaian dalam sesuatu perencanaan atau tindakan itu menjadi sebab sesuatu akibat buruk yang terjadi kepada kita.

Jika diperhatikan pada golongan yang menentang Islam, maka didapati mereka itu bekerja secara jamaah, parti dan kesatuan-kesatuan yang tersusun. Kerana itu tidak dapat diterima syara’ dan akal musuh-musuh ini dapat dihadapi dengan jayanya oleh usaha-usaha individu-individu yang tidak bersatu.



Sumber :http://serambidakwah.blogspot.com/2009/03/dalil-dan-kewajipan-berjemaah.html

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

Cara Mendekati Kuda


Anda ingin naik kuda. Hampir yakin pasti rasa ketakutan dan cemas ada dihati anda. Hal itu wajar karena kuda adalah binatang besar dan memiliki naluri liar. Namun jangan biarkan perasaan cemas anda itu terus berkecamuk. Kenalilah hal-hal yang paling penting sebelum anda berada dipunggung kuda.
         Harap diingat bahwa cara yang terbaik untuk anda mulai belajar menaiki seekor kuda adalah di sebuah "sekolah berkuda" atau di sebuah "stable" karena disana bersarang orang-orang kuda yang terlatih yang sehari-hari bergelut dengan binatang besar yang sangat manis ini. Sekolah berkuda mengajarkan teori dan praktik tata cara menunggang kuda dengan benar dan aman. Sedangkan sebuah "stable" memberikan pelajaran langsung tentang perawatan kuda dan sebagainya namun tidak secara explisit seperti sebuah "sekolah berkuda".
         Keamanan dan keselamatan adalah hal utama dan pertama yang harus diperhatikan bagi setiap orang kuda. Tidak hanya saat menunggang kuda namun dimulai dari saat anda mendekati seekor kuda, merawat kuda dsb. Seorang penunggang kuda harus paham benar soal memilih peralatan tunggang yang baik, dan juga posisi serta hal-hal yang harus dilakukan diatas punggung kuda. Pakaian berkuda dan pelindung keselamatan standard seperti helmet, sepatu dan peralatan-peralatan lain. Hindari memakai perhiasan berharga dalam menunggang kuda karena toh perhiasan anda tidak akan menarik untuk dilihat lagi bila sudah di atas punggung kuda. Kuda memiliki naluri yang tinggi bila dirasa ada bahaya mengacamnya. Pertahanan yang paling tangguh bagi seekor kuda saat ada bahaya mengancam adalah lari sekencang-kencangnya. Kedua menyepak kebelakang atau menggigit dan menggumul lawan. Oleh karena itu untuk menghindari hal- hal yang membahayakan seperti diatas perlu dilakukan.
         Pilihlah kuda yang sudah jinak dan perangainya baik. Kuda liar membutuhkan waktu untuk dijinakkan oleh para ahli kuda, kuda muda belia butuh waktu untuk dilatih akrab dengan manusia.
         Mendekati seekor kuda paling baik dari arah depan kuda, samping kanan atau kiri bagian depan kuda sehingga kuda mengerti bahwa ada "teman baru" mendekat. Jangan menyentuh kuda di bagian belakang, meskipun anda tertarik dengan ekornya yang menjuntai indah, karena secara reflek kuda akan menendang ke belakang. Sapalah dan sentuhlah bagian kepala, hidung dan kuda akan merespond dengan ramah bila dia berkenan.
         Kenali dengan baik bahasa komunikasi antara penunggang dengan kuda. Penunggang kuda mempergunakan alat yang disebut "bite", atau dalam bahasa jawa "cakotan" atau disebut juga dengan "kendali" yaitu sebuah besi stainless yang dipasang dimulut seekor kuda yaitu tepatnya dibelakang gigi kuda. Kendali diikat dengan tali "lis" kanan dan kiri dan diujung nya menjadi pegangan penunggang untuk memberi kode "maju","mundur", "berhenti", belok "kanan" dan "kiri", "lari" dan "jalan" serta "variasi jalan" lainnya. Disinilah anda membutuhkan seorang pelatih menunggang kuda, bagaimana anda berkomunikasi dengan kuda saat anda sudah diatas punggung kuda.
         Bila anda memutuskan untuk menaikinya, periksalah peralatan sebelum anda memasangnya. Atau suruhlah orang yang sudah ahli menangani peralatan kuda. Pastikan peralatan seperti lebrak (alas), saddle, sanggurdi, peralatan kendali dan tali lis terpasang dengan benar dan dalam kondisi baik.
         Bila anda sudah diatas punggung kuda, konsentrasilah menunggang dan jangan sedikitpun bergurau karena kuda sangat sensitif dengan perubahan tali lis yang anda pegang, perubahan lingkungan yang dilewati, misalkan terkejut, ada ular didepannya, benda jatuh (dedaunan, plastik dsb.) Banyak cerita tentang kuda terkejut dan lari kencang dengan penunggangnya. Bila ini terjadi tahan tali lis sambil kaki terus menjepit untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan tubuh anda.      Kuda sangat senang bila anda ajak kuda berbicara sambil berjalan. Meskipun respondnya tidak lewat suara namun dari gerakan-gerakan kepala, ekor, dan leher kelihatan kuda anda menikmati jalan-jalan anda atau tidak.
         Jadi kenali kudanya sebelum anda menaikinya. Itulah yang perlu anda lakukan jika anda hendak menaiki kuda. Dengan begitu anda akan aman untuk menunggangi si kuda tetapi jika ada orang yang lebih berpengalaman, mintalah untuk mendampingi.
     Agung Ari
153070112 / opini



Sunday, June 19, 2011

Tips Untuk Membersihkan Sayur & Buah Dari Racun

Pestisida merupakan bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan, menolak, memikat atau membasmi hama, penyakit dan gulma yang tidak berpengaruh pada tanaman. Pestisida seringkali disebut sebagai ‘racun’. Tapi banyak petani yang menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah kerusakan atau pembusukan.

Dalam jumlah tertentu, penggunaan pestisida untuk tanaman buah dan sayur masih dapat ditolerir tubuh. Namun bila jumlahnya berlebihan bisa membahayakan untuk kesehatan, seperti menyebabkan kanker, ADHD pada anak, gangguan sistem saraf, gangguan tiroid dan melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh.
Berikut cara untuk mengurangi dan membersihkan sayur dan buah dari pestisida, seperti dilansir Hubpages:
  1. Cuci tangan Anda dengan sabun dan air mengalir sebelum memegang produk makanan, termasuk saat akan mencuci buah dan sayur.
  2. Cuci buah dan sayur dengan air bersih dan mengalir untuk membersihkan sisa-sisa tanah dan kotoran yang menempel.
  3. Gunakan sikat gigi atau sikat yang lembut untuk membersihkan pestisida dari buah dan sayur, serta tetap gunakan air yang mengalir.
  4. Buang daun terluar dari sayuran berdaun dan kemudian bilas dengan air bersih dan mengalir.
  5. Kupas kulit sayur dan buah yang memiliki kulit tebal, terutama buah dan sayur yang dilapisi lilin.
  6. Untuk menghilangkan lilin juga bisa dengan dicuci dengan air hangat yang dicampur garam dan air lemon atau cuka.
  7. Jangan gunakan deterjen atau sabun yang dapat meninggalkan sisa bahan kimia lain di buah dan sayur.
  8. Memasak membantu mengurangi beberapa sisa pestisida dalam buah dan sayur yang tidak hilang saat dikupas atau dicuci.
  9. Sebaiknya belilah buah dan sayur organik bila Anda tetap takut dengan pestisida.
  10. Jika memiliki kebun, Anda juga bisa menanam sendiri buah dan sayur sehingga dapat dipastikan tidak mengandung pestisida.

Sila rujuk link asal 

Thursday, June 16, 2011

Hukum Kencing Berdiri

Hukum Kencing Berdiri

DIkirim oleh mohd masri di Jun 17, 2008
TIDAK diharamkan seseorang kencing berdiri, terutamanya apabila adanya keperluan. Namun begitu kencing secara duduk itu adalah sunat kerana itulah kebiasaan yang dilakukan oleh Nabi S.A.W. berdasarkan hadith daripada ‘Aisyah R.A.:
مَنْ حَدّثَكُمْ أنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَانَ يَبُوْلُ قَائِمًا فَلَا تُصَدِّقُوْهُ ، مَا كَانَ يَبُوْلُ إلَّا قَاعِداً
Maksudnya: “Sesiapa yang menceritakan kepada kamu yang Nabi S.A.W. pernah kencing berdiri, maka janganlah kamu mempercayainya, tidaklah baginda kencing melainkan dengan duduk.” (HR al-Tirmizi, dan beliau berkata: “Hadith ini adalah yang paling sahih di dalam bab ini.” Hadith ini juga di sahihkan oleh al-Albani di dalam sahih Sunan al-Tirmizi)
Lajnah Daimah 5/88 (Badan Tetap Fatwa Arab Saudi) apabila ditanya tentang hukum kencing berdiri, mereka menyatakan keharusannya sambil menegaskan sunatnya kencing secara duduk dengan berdalilkan hadith di atas. Seterusnya mereka menyebut:
“Ini disebabkan (kencing secara duduk itu) ianya lebih terlindung dan lebih terpelihara daripada terkena percikan kencingnya. Telah diriwayatkan hadith tentang keringanan kencing secara berdiri dengan syarat selamat daripada terkena percikan kencing pada pakaian dan badan, dan selamat dari terdedah aurat. Al-Bukhari dan Muslim meriwayatkan daripada Huzaifah R.A. daripada Nabi S.A.W.:
أنَّهُ أَتَى سُبَاطَةَ قَوْمٍ فَبَالَ قَائِماً
Maksudnya: “Adalah baginda (S.A.W.) mendatangi kebun milik satu kaum, lalu baginda kencing secara berdiri.”
Hadith ini dengan ucapan ‘Aisyah di atas tidak saling menafikan antara keduanya, ini kerana dari dua hadith di atas dapat difahami Nabi S.A.W. kencing berdiri disebabkan tenpat tersebut tidak memungkinkan baginda duduk atau boleh juga difahami hadith daripada Huzaifah itu menjelaskan kepada orang ramai yang kencing berdiri itu bukanlah suatu perbuatan yang haram. Di samping itu hadith Huzaifah juga tidak menafikan yang asal hukum kencing adalah seperti yang dinyatakan oleh ‘Aisyah R.’anha yang Nabi S.A.W. kebiasaannya kencing secara duduk, dan kencing secara duduk itu adalah Sunnah Nabi S.A.W. yang bukan wajib yang menjadikan haram jika kita tidak melakukannya.”

(sila rujuk link asal entry ini)

Tuesday, June 7, 2011

Facebook VS Twitter

Think you know everything about Twitter and Facebook? Well, take a look at this infographic which breaks down the demographics of each site’ s users for 2010. The data is comprehensive and insightful … any surprises?
 http://chugginmonkeys.com/img/upload/facebook_vs_twitter_the_infographic_4d11faf36cca0.jpg

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Monday, June 6, 2011

10 Rumah Paling Mahal Di Dunia

There is always a list of richest people in the world, but now a days in the world of information technology, this list changes very fast. 
When rich people become more rich they make lavish and luxurious houses too. Enjoy the 10 most expensive and fabulous houses built 
by richest people of the world.

1. Antilla


Place: India
The most costly house in the world belongs to Mukesh Ambani. The house has 27 floors and has a worth of 1 billion dollars. The house consists of luxurious health club and a garage that can accommodate 150 cars.Mukesh Ambani is a powerful businessman. He has a collection of 168 cars of his own.

2. The Penthouses at One Hyde Park

Place: England
This house was still under construction the last time we checked. After the house is completed, it will become the second most costly house of the world with a worth of 140 million dollars.
The penthouse is served by 24-hour room service. It also consists of bulletproof windows, iris-scanners, a panic room, a secret escape tunnel, and its own SAS trained bodyguards.

3. Aaron Spelling’s Manor

Place: California, United States
This house is on land that spreads across 56,000 square feet. It was constructed in 1991 and has a net worth of 150 million dollars. It consists of 123 bedrooms, a round deep passage, a tennis court, an area of ice for skating, and several swimming pools.

4. William Randolph Hearst’s Mansion


Place: California, United States
This house was first owned by William Randolph Hearst. It has a worth of 165 million dollars and extends across 6 acres of land. It consists of 29 bedrooms, 3 swimming pools, a state of the art movie theater and a nightclub.

5. Elena Franchuk’s Victorian Villa


Place: London, England
This house is situated in the Kensington district in London. It was bought lately for 161 million dollars approx. It is a 5-storey house and has a 10 bedroom villa, a movie theater, a gymnasium and an indoor swimming pool.

6.  Hala Ranch

Place: Colo
This is a cattle farmwhich is owned by Prince Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia. It has 15 bedrooms and 27 bathrooms. It also includes indoor pool, wastage treatment plants, a tennis court, private skiing tracks, seperate building for keeping horses and a gas station.

7. Maison de l’Amitie


Place: Palm Beach
Maison de l’Amitie belongs to Donald Trump. It spreads across 80,000 square feet and has a worth of 125 million dollar. It includes 15 bedrooms, 8 half-baths, a greenhouse, a large room for dancing, a tennis house and a comfortable guest lodge.

8. Dracula’s Castle

Place: Romania
It was actually a castle which was converted into a museum in 1980s. It belongs to Archduke Dominic and has a net worth of 80 million dollars. It consists of 57 rooms, 17 bedrooms with beautiful traditional furnishings.

9. Updown Court


Place: England
This house is considered larger than the Buckingham Palace. It is located in London and has a worth of It is worth 116 million dollars. It consists of 103 rooms, a large movie theater, 3 swimming pools and a squash court.

10. Fleur de Lys


Place: California, United States
This house has a worth over 125 million dollars. It includes 15 bedrooms. The interior of the house is decorated with 24 karat gold. The house also contains most expensive furniture items like Marie Antoinette’s curtain designs.

Sunday, June 5, 2011

10 Empayar Terbesar Di Dunia

BritishEmpire1919_resizeAn empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over external territories. For example, first the Spanish Empire and then the British Empire were called "the empires on which the sun never sets", because of their territories and possessions around the globe. This article provides a list of the largest empires in world history.
For context, note that the total land area of the Earth is 148.94 million km2

1. British Empire - 33.7 million km2 (1922)
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13,000,000 square miles (33,670,000 km2): approximately a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
 The areas of the world that at one time were part of the British Empire. Current British overseas territories are underlined in red.

2. Mongol Empire - 33.0 million km2 (1270 or 1309)
The Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th  and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. At its greatest extent it stretched from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from the Arctic to Camboja, covering over 33,000,000 km2  (12,741,000 sq mi), 22% of the Earth's total land area, and held sway over a population of over 100 million people. It is often identified as the "Mongol World Empire" because it spanned much of Eurasia. As a result of the empire's conquests and political and economic impact on most of the Old World, its wars with other great powers in Africa, Asia and Europe are also believed to be an ancient world war.[8][9]  Under the Mongols new technologies, various commodities and ideologies were disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.

3. Russian Empire - 23.7 million km2 (1866)
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia, and the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It was the second largest contiguous empire in world history, surpassed only by the Mongol Empire, and the third largest empire behind the British Empire and the Mongol Empire. At one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe, across Asia, and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was the largest country in the world, extending from the Arctic Ocean to the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean on the east. With 176.4 million subjects, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. It represented a great disparity in economic, ethnic, and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was one of the last absolute monarchies left in Europe. Prior to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 Russia was one of the five major Great Powers of Europe.
 The Russian Empire in 1866
4. Spanish Empire - 20.0 million km2 (ca. 1740-1790)
The Spanish Empire consisted of the territories and colonies administrated directly by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. In the peak of its power, it was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It lasted from the 15th century through—in the case of its African holdings—the latter portion of the 20th century. Spain had emerged in the latter 1480s with a personally unified monarchy, by the marriage of the 'Catholic Monarchs' (los Reyes Catolicos), monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Rule was separate but internal and foreign policy was coordinated finally. In 1492 their final Reconquista  of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic Moorish Al-Andalus, in the Battle of Granada, opened resources for exploration and colonization in Empire building. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to Europe's eventual colonial engagement with the Americas. The Western Hemisphere thereby became the focus of the Castile and then the Spanish crown in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain began to settle the Caribbean islands and conquistadors soon toppled native empires such as the Aztecs and Incas on mainland South America. Later expeditions established an empire that stretched from present-day Canada in North America to the Falklands in South America. The Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation started by Ferdinand Magellan in 1519, and completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano in 1522, achieved what Columbus had longed for, a westward route to Asia, and brought the Far East to Spain's attention, where it established colonies in Guam, the Philippines and surrounding islands. During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire comprised the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Italy, parts of Germany, parts of France, territories in Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as large areas in the Americas. By the 17th century Spain controlled an empire on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors.
 The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Empire.
5. Qing Empire, China - 14.7 million km2 (1790)
The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today northeast China (also known as Manchuria). Starting in 1644 it expanded into China proper and its surrounding territories, establishing the Empire of the Great Qing. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
Originally established as the Later Jin Dynasty Amaga Aisin Gurun in 1616, it changed its name to "Qing", meaning "clear" or "pellucid" in 1636. In 1644 Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a minor Ming official turned leader of the peasant revolt. The last Ming Emperor Chongzhencommitted suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty. The Manchus then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li's short-lived Shun Dynasty.
During its reign the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The dynasty reached its height in the 18th century, during which both territory and population were increased. However, its military power weakened hereafter and faced with massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. The Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, when the Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated on behalf of the last emperor, Puyi, on February 12, 1912.
 Territory of Qing China in 1820

6. Yuan Dynasty - 14.0 million km2 (1310)
The Yuan Dynasty or Great Yuan Empire was a Mongol-founded historical state or ruling dynasty in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division or continuation of the Mongol Empire and as an imperial dynasty of China. In Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu. Besides Emperor of China, Kublai Khan had also claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was only truly recognized by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate developments. The Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan, as the Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates.
Yuan Dynasty, circa 1294

7. Umayyad Caliphate - 13.0 million km2 (720 or 750)
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, Damascus  was the capital of their Caliphate. Eventually, it would cover more than five million square miles, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest contiguous empire ever to exist. After the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate, they relocated to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba.
A caliphate is the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world. The Caliph's position is based on the notion of a successor to Muhammad's political authority. According to Sunnis, a Caliph can be any pious Muslim who is elected by the Muslims or their representatives; and according to Shia Islam, an Imam descended in a line from the Ahl al-Bayt.
The Umayyads established the largest Arab-Muslim state in history. From the time of prophet Muhammad until 1924, successive and contemporary caliphates were held by various dynasties, including the Rashidun Caliphate of the first four caliphs after Muhammad, the Umayyads based in Damascus and Córdoba, the Abbasids based in Baghdad & later in Cairo, the Fatimids based in Cairo, and finally the Turkish Ottoman Empire based in Constantinople.
Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent.

8. Second French Colonial Empire - 12.3 million km2 (1938)
The French colonial empire is the set of territories outside Europe that were under French rule primarily from the 1600s to the late 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 km² (4,767,000 sq. miles) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 12,898,000 km² (4,980,000 sq. miles) at the time, which is 8.6% of the Earth's total land area. Its influence made French the fourth-most spoken colonial European language, behind English, Spanish, and Portuguese.
France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, following Spanish and Portuguese successes during the Age of Discovery, in rivalry with Britain for supremacy. A series of wars with Britain during the 1700s and early 1800s, which France lost, ended its colonial ambitions on these continents, and with it is what some historians term the "first" French colonial empire. In the 19th century, France established a new empire in Africa and South East Asia. Some of these colonies lasted beyond the invasion and occupation of France by Nazi Germany during World War II.
Following the war, anti-colonial movements began to challenge French authority. France unsuccessfully fought bitter wars from after the 1940s until the early 1960s in Vietnam and Algeria to keep its empire intact. By the end of the 1960s, most of France's colonies had gained independence, save for a series of islands and archipelagos which were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories. These total altogether 123,150 km² (47,548 sq. miles), which amounts to only 1% of the pre-1939 French colonial empire's area, with 2,624,505 people living in them in 2009. All of them enjoy full political representation at the national level, as well as varying degrees of legislative autonomy.
Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue — plain and hachured) French colonial empires.
9. Abbasid Caliphate - 11.1 million km2 (750)
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates  of the Islamic Empire [disambiguation needed]. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus.
It was founded by the descendant of the Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 and shifted its capital in 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining power across Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids.
Their rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Egypt in 1261. They continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Mamluk Egypt up to 1519 when power was formally transferred to the Ottomans and the capital transferred to Istanbul.
Abbasid Caliphate (green) at its greatest extent, c. 850.

10. Portuguese Empire - 10.4 million km2 (1815)
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history.
It was also the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, leveraging the latest developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488,Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498,Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, by an accidental landfall on the South American coast for some, by the crown's secret design for others, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal became the junior partner to Spain in the union of the two countries' crowns. Though the empires continued to be administered separately, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain and envious of Iberian successes overseas: the Netherlands, England and France. With its smaller population, Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline.
Significant losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean. Brazil became Portugal's most valuable colony until, as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822. Portugal's Empire was reduced to its colonies on the African coastline, which were expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, East Timor, and enclaves in India and Macau.
After World War II, Portugal's leader, António Salazar, attempted to keep what remained of the pluricontinental Empire intact at a time when other European countries were beginning to withdraw from their colonies. In 1961 the handful of Portuguese troops garrisoned in Goa were unable to prevent Indian troops marching into the colony. Salazar began a long and bloody war to quell anti-colonialist forces in the African colonies. The unpopular war lasted until the overthrow of the regime in 1974. The new government immediately changed policy and recognised the independence of all its colonies, except for Macau, which by agreeement with the Chinese government was returned to China in 1999.
The Portuguese Empire and overseas interests. Red - actual possessions; Olive - exploration; Orange - areas of influence and trade; Pink - claims of sovereignty; Green - trading posts; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence.
Source: wikipedia.org

Saturday, June 4, 2011

Cannonball : Bunganya Cantik Tp Jgn Sampai Buah Jatuh Atas Kepala

South America has to be the region with the weirdest kind of trees. I mean just take a look at this crazy colored eucalyptus tree or this infected grape tree, both found in Brazil. Now they have discovered the Cannonball Tree with a lot of fruit that look like a cannonball, hence the name. They can remind of coconuts because they fall unpredictable from the tree and crack open.
cannonball tree 3
This tree can have up to 300 fruits that can be 24 cm in diameter so I don’t think you want to get one of those on your head. It can be so dangerous that the trees have signs saying: “Watch out for falling cannonballs.” They do not only grow in South America; recently they have been found in India, and they are also planted in botanical gardens around the world.
cannonball tree 2
cannonball tree 1
cannonball tree 4
cannonball tree 5
cannonball tree 6
cannonball tree 7
cannonball tree 8

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Friday, June 3, 2011

Top 10 Most Evil Humans

by Jamie Frater
As we approach the new year, I thought it would be appropriate to do a list that combines and ranks entries from a combination of related lists – a summary list. This list looks at the last three years of lists of evil men and women, and combines and ranks the worst of the worst. Children are excluded as the evil children don’t rank anywhere near the evil of adults seen in the past. I have also added one entry who has not appeared on other lists, but is definitely worthy of inclusion. If you disagree with my ranking (as no doubt many will) be sure to tell us in the comments – perhaps include your own ranking, too. Also, tell us if you think someone else should be on the list.
10
Delphine LaLaurie
Delphine-Lalaurie-Painting
LaLaurie was a sadistic socialite who lived in New Orleans. Her home was a chamber of horrors. On April 10, 1834, a fire broke out in the mansion’s kitchen, and firefighters found two slaves chained to the stove. They appeared to have started the fire themselves, in order to attract attention. The firefighters were lead by other slaves to the attic, where the real surprise was. Over a dozen disfigured and maimed slaves were manacled to the walls or floors. Several had been the subjects of gruesome medical experiments. One man appeared to be part of some bizarre sex change, a woman was trapped in a small cage with her limbs broken and reset to look like a crab, and another woman with arms and legs removed, and patches of her flesh sliced off in a circular motion to resemble a caterpillar. Some had had their mouths sewn shut, and had subsequently starved to death, whilst others had their hands sewn to different parts of their bodies. Most were found dead, but some were alive and begging to be killed, to release them from the pain. LaLaurie fled before she could be bought to justice – she was never caught. You can read a more indepth article on Delphine LaLaurie here.
9
Ilse Koch
50863856
Known as The “Bitch of Buchenwald” because of her sadistic cruelty towards prisoners, Ilse Koch was married to another evil Nazi, who served in the SS, Karl Otto Koch, but outshone him in the depraved, inhumane disregard for life which was her trademark. She used her sexual prowess by wandering around the camps naked, with a whip, and if any man so much as glanced at her she would have them shot on the spot. The most infamous accusation against Ilse Koch was that she had selected inmates with interesting tattoos to be killed, so that their skins could be made into lampshades for her home (though, unfortunately, no evidence of these lampshades has been found). After the war she was arrested and spent time in prison on different charges, eventually hanging herself in her cell in 1967, apparently consumed by guilt.
8
Shirō Ishii
Shiro Ishii 1
Ishii was a microbiologist and the lieutenant general of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He was born in the former Shibayama Village of Sanbu District in Chiba Prefecture, and studied medicine at Kyoto Imperial University. In 1932, he began his preliminary experiments in biological warfare as a secret project for the Japanese military. In 1936, Unit 731 was formed. Ishii built a huge compound — more than 150 buildings over six square kilometers — outside the city of Harbin, China.
Some of the numerous atrocities committed by Ishii, and others under his command in Unit 731, include: vivisection of living people (including pregnant women who were impregnated by the doctors), prisoners had limbs amputated and reattached to other parts of their body, some prisoners had parts of their bodies frozen and thawed to study the resulting untreated gangrene. Humans were also used as living test cases for grenades and flame throwers. Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea via rape, then studied. A complete list of these horrors can be found here.
Having been granted immunity by the American Occupation Authorities at the end of the war, Ishii never spent any time in jail for his crimes and died at the age of 67, of throat cancer.
7
Ivan IV of Russia
Ivan The Terrible
Ivan IV of Russia, also know as Ivan the Terrible, was the Grand Duke of Muscovy, from 1533 to 1547, and was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of Tsar. In 1570, Ivan was under the belief that the elite of the city of Novgorod planned to defect to Poland, and led an army to stop them, on January 2. Ivan’s soldiers built walls around the perimeter of the city in order to prevent the people of the city escaping. Between 500 and 1000 people were gathered every day by the troops, then tortured and killed in front of Ivan and his son. In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son’s (accidental) death.
6
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver-Cromwell
The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The consequence of this conquest (in order to displace Catholic authority) was 200,000 civilian deaths from war-related famine and disease, and 50 thousand Irish being taken as slaves. Cromwell considered Catholics to be heretics so the Irish conquest was a modern day Crusade for him. The bitterness caused by the Cromwellian settlement was a powerful source of Irish nationalism from the 17th century onwards. He died in 1658, and was so hated that, in 1661, he was exhumed from the grave and given a posthumous execution – his corpse was hung in chains at Tyburn, and he was later dismembered and his remains thrown into a pit, with his head being displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall for the next twenty-four years.



5
Jiang Qing
Jiangqing
Jiang Qing was the wife of Mao Tse-tung, the Communist dictator of China. Through clever maneuvering, she managed to reach the highest position of power within the communist party (short of being President). It is believed that she was the main driving force behind China’s Cultural Revolution (of which she was the deputy director). During the Cultural Revolution, much economic activity was halted, and countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books and paintings were destroyed by Red Guards. The 10 years of the Cultural Revolution also brought the education system to a virtual halt, and many intellectuals were sent to prison camps. Millions of people in China, reportedly, had their human rights annulled during the Cultural Revolution. Millions more were also forcibly displaced. Estimates of the death toll – civilians and Red Guards – from various Western and Eastern sources are about 500,000 in the true years of chaos of 1966—1969, but some estimates are as high as 3 million deaths, with 36 million being persecuted.
4
Pol Pot
Polpot
Pol Pot was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and the Prime Minister of Cambodia, from 1976 to 1979, having been de facto leader since mid-1975. During his time in power, Pol Pot imposed an extreme version of agrarian communism where all city dwellers were relocated to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labour projects. The combined effect of slave labour, malnutrition, poor medical care and executions is estimated to have killed around 2 million Cambodians (approximately one third of the population). His regime achieved special notoriety for singling out all intellectuals and other “bourgeois enemies” for murder. The Khmer Rouge committed mass executions in sites known as the Killing Fields. The executed were buried in mass graves. In order to save ammunition, executions were often carried out using hammers, axe handles, spades or sharpened bamboo sticks.
3
Heinrich Himmler
Himmler-480
Heinrich Himmler, the architect of the holocaust and final solution, and considered to be the biggest mass murderer ever, by some (although it’s really Josef Stalin). The holocaust would not have happened if not for this man. He tried to breed a master race of Nordic appearance, the Aryan race. His plans for racial purity were ended by Hitler’s vanity in making rash military decisions rather than letting his generals make them, thus ending the war prematurely. Himmler was captured after the war. He unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with the west, and was genuinely shocked to be treated as a criminal upon capture. He committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule he had bit upon.
2
Adolf Hitler
Hitler1
Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933, becoming “Führer” in 1934 until his suicide in 1945. By the end of the second world war, Hitler’s policies of territorial conquest and racial subjugation had brought death and destruction to tens of millions of people, including the genocide of some six million Jews, in what is now known as the Holocaust. On 30 April, 1945, after intense street-to-street combat, when Soviet troops were spotted within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory, Hitler committed suicide, shooting himself while simultaneously biting into a cyanide capsule. Hitler ranks over Himmler merely for the fact that it was in his power to prevent Himmler’s policies being implemented.
1
Josef Stalin
Stalin-2
Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union’s Central Committee, from 1922 until his death, in 1953. Under Stalin’s leadership, the Ukraine suffered from a famine (Holodomor) so great it is considered by many to be an act of genocide on the part of Stalin’s government. Estimates of the number of deaths range from 2.5 million to 10 million. The famine was caused by direct political and administrative decisions. In addition to the famine, Stalin ordered purges within the Soviet Union of any person deemed to be an enemy of the state. In total, estimates of the number murdered under Stalins reign, range from 10 million to 60 million.